Various degrees of certainty
In general, Japanese people don't assert themselves of something unless they are absolutely sure that it is correct. This accounts for the incredibly frequent use of 「~と」 and the various grammatical expressions used to express specific levels of certainty. We will go over these expressions starting from the less certain to the most certain.
Using 「かもしれない」 to express uncertainty
Vocabulary
- 多分 【た・ぶん】 - perhaps; probably
- 映画 【えい・が】 - movie
- 観る 【み・る】 (ru-verb) - to watch
- 彼 【かれ】 - he; boyfriend
- 学生 【がく・せい】 - student
- それ - that
- 面白い 【おも・し・ろい】 (i-adj) - interesting
- 先生 【せん・せい】 - teacher
- 退屈 【たい・くつ】 - boredom
- 食堂 【しょく・どう】 - cafeteria
- 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
- 雨 【あめ】 - rain
- 試合 【し・あい】 - match, game
- 中止 【ちゅう・し】 - cancellation
- なる (u-verb) - to become
- この - this (abbr. of これの)
- 映画 【えい・が】 - movie
- ~回 【~かい】 - counter for number of times
- こと - event, matter
- ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)
- あそこ - over there
- 代々木公園 【よ・よ・ぎ・こう・えん】 - Yoyogi park
- もう - already
- 逃げる 【に・げる】 (ru-verb) - to escape; to run away
「かもしれない」 is used to mean "maybe" or "possibly" and is less certain than the word 「」. It attaches to the end of a complete clause. For noun and na-adjective clauses, the declarative 「だ」 must be removed. It can also be written in kanji as 「かも知れない」 and you can treat it the same as a negative ru-verb (there is no positive equivalent) so the masu-form would become 「かもしれません」. In casual speech, it can be abbreviated to just 「かも」. There is also a very masculine version 「かもしれん」, which is simply a different type of negative verb.
Expressing uncertainty with 「かもしれない」
- Simply attach 「かもしれない」 or 「かも知れない」 to the clause
Examples
- をかもしれない
- はかもしれない
- はかもしれない
- Noun and na-adjective clauses must not use the declarative 「だ」
Examples
だかもしれない → かもしれない
だかもしれない → かもしれない
- It can be abbreviated to just 「かも」 in casual speech
Example
- かも
しれない → かも
Examples
- スミスさんはにかもしれません。
Smith-san may have gone to the cafeteria.
- ではにかもしれないね。
The game may become canceled by rain, huh?
- はかも!
I might have already seen this movie once.
- がかもしれない。
That might be Yoyogi park over there.
- かもしれんぞ。
Might not be able to escape anymore, you know.
Using 「でしょう」 to express a fair amount of certainty (polite)
Vocabulary
- 多分 【た・ぶん】 - perhaps; probably
- 明日 【あした】 - tomorrow
- 雨 【あめ】 - rain
- 学生 【がく・せい】 - student
- これ - this
- どこ - where
- 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
- 休む 【やす・む】 (u-verb) - to rest
- いただく (u-verb) - to receive; to eat; to drink (humble)
「でしょう」 is used to express a level of some certainty and is close in meaning to 「」. Just like 「~です/~ます」, it must come at the end of a complete sentence. It does not have any other conjugations. You can also replace 「~ですか」 with 「~でしょうか」 to make the question sound slightly more polite and less assuming by adding a slight level of uncertainty.
Examples
- もでしょう。
Probably rain tomorrow too.
- さんでしょうか。
Are (you) student?
- へんでしょうか?
Where (are you) going from here?
If you want to sound really, really polite, you can even add 「~でしょうか」 to the end of a 「~ます」 ending.
- でしょうか。- May I receive the favor of resting, possibly?
Using 「でしょう」 and 「だろう」 to express strong amount of certainty (casual)
Vocabulary
- 遅刻 【ち・こく】 - tardiness
- する (exception) - to do
- 時間 【じ・かん】 - time
- ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)
- 言う 【い・う】 (u-verb) - to say
- これ - this
- 食べる 【た・べる】 (ru-verb) - to eat
- 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
- 掃除 【そう・じ】 - cleaning
- 手伝う 【て・つだ・う】 (u-verb) - to help, to assist
- くれる (ru-verb) - to give
- そう - (things are) that way
- どこ - where
- もう - already
- 寝る 【ね・る】 (ru-verb) - to sleep
- 家 【1) うち; 2) いえ】 - 1) one's own home; 2) house
- 帰る 【かえ・る】 (u-verb) - to go home
The casual equivalent of 「でしょう」 is surprisingly enough 「でしょう」. However, when you are speaking in a polite manner, the 「でしょう」 is enunciated flatly while in casual speech, it has a rising intonation and can be shortened to 「でしょ」. In addition, since people tend to be more assertive in casual situations, the casual version has a much stronger flavor often sounding more like, "See, I told you so!"
Example 1
A