Conjunctions

Posted by Tae Kim

There are really only two conjunctions in Japanese that can combine two sentences together into a compound sentence: "but" and "because". However, there are several versions of each with a slightly different level of politeness.

Combining two sentences with "but"

You may remember we already used 「でも」 to mean "but" or "however". While 「でも」 is always used at the beginning of a new sentence, there are two conjunctions that also mean "but" and can be used to combine two sentences together into one compound sentence, similar to English. The two conjunctions are 「けど」 and 「が」. 「けど」 is fairly casual while 「が」 is slightly more formal and polite. (Note that this 「が」 is completely different from the identifier particle we learned in the last section.)

Example

  1. 今日 【きょう】 - today
  2. 忙しい 【いそが・しい】 - busy
  3. 明日 【あした】 - tomorrow
  4. 暇 【ひま】 - free (as in not busy)
  • 今日は忙しいけど、明日は暇。
    (I'm) busy but (I'm) free tomorrow.
  • 今日は忙しいです、明日は暇です。
    (I'm) busy but (I'm) free tomorrow.

Note: If the first clause ends with a noun or na-adjective without any tense and you're not using 「です」, you must add 「だ」.

Example

  • (I'm) free today but (I'm) busy tomorrow.
    1. 今日は暇けど、明日は忙しい。
    2. 今日は暇ですけど、明日は忙しいです。
    3. 今日は暇が、明日は忙しい。
    4. 今日は暇ですが、明日は忙しいです。

If the noun or na-adjective is already conjugated (such as the negative 「じゃない」), you don't need to add 「だ」.

  • (I'm) not free today but (I'm) free tomorrow.
    1. 今日は暇じゃないけど、明日は暇。
    2. 今日は暇じゃないが、明日は暇。

Combining two sentences with "so"

You can combine two sentences with 「から」 or 「ので」 to show a reason and result but it's important to remember that the reason comes first. Therefore, it may be beneficial to remember it as meaning "so" rather than "because" to match the order. 「ので」 is slightly more polite and formal compared to 「から」.

Example

  1. ここ - here
  2. うるさい - noisy
  • ここは、うるさいから、あまり好きじゃない。
    (It's) noisy here so (I) don't like it very much.
  • ここは、うるさいですので、あまり好きじゃないです。
  • (It's) noisy here so (I) don't like it very much.

Note: Once again, If the first clause ends with a noun or na-adjective without any conjugation (such as the negative 「じゃない」), and you're not using 「です」, you must add 「だ」 for 「から」. However, for 「ので」 you must add 「な」 instead.

Example

  1. ここ - here
  2. 静か 【しず・か】 - quiet
  • (It's) quiet here so (I) like it.
    1. ここは静かから、好き。
    2. ここは静かですから、好きです。
    3. ここは静かので、好き。
    4. ここは静かですので、好きです。

Once again, this only applies to nouns and na-adjectives that are not conjugated to another tense.

  • (It's) not quiet here so (I) don't like it very much.
    1. ここは静かじゃないから、あまり好きじゃない。
    2. ここは静かじゃないので、あまり好きじゃない。

Combining two sentences with "despite"

Similarly, you can attach two sentences with 「のに」 to mean "despite" or "in spite of". Similar to 「ので」, you must attach 「な」 when the first clause ends with a plain noun or na-adjective.

Example

  1. 先生 【せん・せい】 - teacher
  2. とても - very
  3. 若い 【わか・い】 (i-adj) - young
  4. 今年 【こ・とし】 - this year
  5. 不景気 【ふ・けい・き】 - (economic) recession
  6. クリスマス - Christmas
  7. お客さん 【お・きゃく・さん】 - customer
  8. 少ない 【すく・ない】(i-adj) - few, scarce
  9. かわいい (i-adj) - cute
  10. 真面目 【ま・じ・め】 (na-adj) - serious; diligent
  11. 男 【おとこ】 - man
  12. 友達 【とも・だち】 - friend
  1. 田中さんは、先生なのに、とても若いです。
    Despite the fact that that Tanaka-san is (a) teacher, (she) is very young.
  2. 今年は、不景気だから、クリスマスなのに、お客さんが少ない。
    This year is recession so despite it being Christmas, customers are few.
  3. アリスは、かわいいのに、真面目だから、男の友達が少ない。
    Although Alice is cute, because (she's) serious, (she has) few male friends.

Leaving parts out

You can leave out either side of the conjunction if it's understood by context.

Example

スミス: ここは、好きじゃない。
Smith: I don't like (it) here.

リー: なんで?
Lee: Why?

スミス: うるさいから
Smith: Because it's noisy.

If you leave the first part out, you still need to add 「です」, 「だ」, or 「な」 just as if the first sentence was there.

  1. 図書館 【と・しょ・かん】 - library
  2. ここ - here
  3. あまり - not very (when used with negative)
  4. 好き 【す・き】 - likable

りー: 図書館なのに、ここはいつもうるさいよね。
Lee: Despite the fact (it's) library, (It's) always noisy here, huh?

スミス: から、あまり好きじゃない。
Smith: That's why I don't like (it) very much.

Other options would be the same as it would be with both sentences.

  1. ですから、あまり好きじゃないです。
  2. ので、あまり好きじゃないです。

You can even leave out both parts of the conjunction as seen in the next dialogue.

So what?

リー: 最近は、忙しいよ。
Lee: I'm busy lately, you know?

スミス: だから
Smith: So?

リー: だから、大変だよ!だけど今日は、やっと暇だから、うれしい!
Lee: So (it's) tough, you know! But (I'm) finally free today so (I'm) happy!

スミス: あっ、そう?
Smith: Oh, is that so?

"Note: If the first clause

"Note: If the first clause ends with a noun or na-adjective without any tense and you're not using 「です」, you must add 「だ」."

Is this role for both male and female speech or only for male speech as in the previous lesson ???


This is the best description

This is the best description I have read of なのに, which, until now, has always confused me. Thank you!


I thought I would point out a

I thought I would point out a small typo:

"「ので」 is slighter more polite and formal compared to 「から」."

"Slighter" should be changed to "slightly."


Thanks!

Thanks!


I've been working my way

I've been working my way sequentially through this guide and as far as I can see the following three words have not been introduced yet:

やっと
うれしい
アッ

It would be nice if you could add it to one of the previous vocabulary sections. :-)


Quoted from this

Quoted from this page:

  • 今日は忙しいけど、明日は暇。
    (I'm) busy but (I'm) free tomorrow.
  • 今日は忙しいです、明日は暇です。
    (I'm) busy but (I'm) free tomorrow.

Are there any differences in the usage of けど and が other than けど being more casual?
In the above example, です is added before が but not for けど.
Does that imply that です is required for が in that scenario?

If that example was meant to show that ga and kedo works the same way, then i think you should not add 'Desu' for the 2nd sentence (although that is also valid), as it may cause some confusion.. at least for my case.

Cheers~


In leaving parts out, the

In leaving parts out, the following had me confused.

りー: 図書館なのに、ここはいつもうるさいよね。

スミス: だから、あまり好きじゃない。

The two combined would be something like this if I'm not mistaken.

図書館なのに、ここはいつもうるさい(だ?)から、あまり好きじゃない。

うるさい being an I-adjective, shouldn't Smith's response start with から instead of だから?

Also, can you keep 図書館なのに in the combined sentence I made up or does it interfere with the rest?


Think of dakara a separate

Think of dakara a separate word meaning "that's why" and use at the beginning of the sentence, not a fusion of da and kara. It would be incorrect to use da in the long sentence and it would be incorrect to say kara at the beginning of the second short sentence


I have a surprisingly hard

I have a surprisingly hard time with のに。 It seems pretty straight-foward, like in this example:

http://gasoku.livedoor.biz/archives/51372750.html
「ワシントンとか一番犯罪率たけーのにwww
何故ワシントン?

>>20

そうなの?割と治安はいい方だって聞いたけど。
なんとなく。イチローとかいるし。」

"You went to someplace like Washington even though it has a high crime rate? lol Why Washington?" (He confuses Washington D.C. with Washington state, methinks.)

That's pretty simple, but what about this example:

「学校の紹介なの?なんだ…自分も行きたかったのに

>>102
勝手に来た。紹介とか留学とか受けるにはGPAが足りなかった。」

"Did you get a school referral? なんだ (maybe "What the...")... Even though I wanted to go myself"

It sounds like he tried to study abroad, but couldn't. How do should this example of のに be understood?


I think in this case, and

I think in this case, and cases like it, ~のに at the end of a sentence is used to whine or complain about something that you wanted or wanted to happen, that didn't go your way. A good translation might be "even though~", as you yourself wrote.


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