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Various degrees of certainty

Posted by Tae Kim

In general, Japanese people don't assert themselves of something unless they are absolutely sure that it is correct. This accounts for the incredibly frequent use of 「~と思う」 and the various grammatical expressions used to express specific levels of certainty. We will go over these expressions starting from the less certain to the most certain.

Using 「かもしれない」 to express uncertainty

Vocabulary

  1. 多分 【た・ぶん】 - perhaps; probably
  2. 映画 【えい・が】 - movie
  3. 観る 【み・る】 (ru-verb) - to watch
  4. 彼 【かれ】 - he; boyfriend
  5. 学生 【がく・せい】 - student
  6. それ - that
  7. 面白い 【おも・し・ろい】 (i-adj) - interesting
  8. 先生 【せん・せい】 - teacher
  9. 退屈 【たい・くつ】 - boredom
  10. 食堂 【しょく・どう】 - cafeteria
  11. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
  12. 雨 【あめ】 - rain
  13. 試合 【し・あい】 - match, game
  14. 中止 【ちゅう・し】 - cancellation
  15. なる (u-verb) - to become
  16. この - this (abbr. of これの)
  17. 映画 【えい・が】 - movie
  18. ~回 【~かい】 - counter for number of times
  19. こと - event, matter
  20. ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)
  21. あそこ - over there
  22. 代々木公園 【よ・よ・ぎ・こう・えん】 - Yoyogi park
  23. もう - already
  24. 逃げる 【に・げる】 (ru-verb) - to escape; to run away

「かもしれない」 is used to mean "maybe" or "possibly" and is less certain than the word 「多分」. It attaches to the end of a complete clause. For noun and na-adjective clauses, the declarative 「だ」 must be removed. It can also be written in kanji as 「かも知れない」 and you can treat it the same as a negative ru-verb (there is no positive equivalent) so the masu-form would become 「かもしれません」. In casual speech, it can be abbreviated to just 「かも」. There is also a very masculine version 「かもしれん」, which is simply a different type of negative verb.

Expressing uncertainty with 「かもしれない」
  • Simply attach 「かもしれない」 or 「かも知れない」 to the clause
    Examples
    1. 映画観たかもしれない
    2. 学生かもしれない
    3. それ面白いかもしれない
  • Noun and na-adjective clauses must not use the declarative 「だ」
    Examples
    1. 先生かもしれない → 先生かもしれない
    2. 退屈かもしれない → 退屈かもしれない
  • It can be abbreviated to just 「かも」 in casual speech
    Example
    1. 面白いかもしれない面白いかも

Examples

  1. スミスさんは食堂行ったかもしれません
    Smith-san may have gone to the cafeteria.
  2. 試合中止なるかもしれないね。
    The game may become canceled by rain, huh?
  3. この映画一回観たことあるかも
    I might have already seen this movie once.
  4. あそこ代々木公園かもしれない
    That might be Yoyogi park over there.
  5. もう逃げられないかもしれんぞ。
    Might not be able to escape anymore, you know.

Using 「でしょう」 to express a fair amount of certainty (polite)

Vocabulary

  1. 多分 【た・ぶん】 - perhaps; probably
  2. 明日 【あした】 - tomorrow
  3. 雨 【あめ】 - rain
  4. 学生 【がく・せい】 - student
  5. これ - this
  6. どこ - where
  7. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
  8. 休む 【やす・む】 (u-verb) - to rest
  9. いただく (u-verb) - to receive; to eat; to drink (humble)

「でしょう」 is used to express a level of some certainty and is close in meaning to 「多分」. Just like 「~です/~ます」, it must come at the end of a complete sentence. It does not have any other conjugations. You can also replace 「~ですか」 with 「~でしょうか」 to make the question sound slightly more polite and less assuming by adding a slight level of uncertainty.

Examples

  1. 明日でしょう
    Probably rain tomorrow too.
  2. 学生さんでしょうか。
    Are (you) student?
  3. これからどこ行くでしょうか?
    Where (are you) going from here?

If you want to sound really, really polite, you can even add 「~でしょうか」 to the end of a 「~ます」 ending.

  • 休ませていただけますでしょうか。- May I receive the favor of resting, possibly?

Using 「でしょう」 and 「だろう」 to express strong amount of certainty (casual)

Vocabulary

  1. 遅刻 【ち・こく】 - tardiness
  2. する (exception) - to do
  3. 時間 【じ・かん】 - time
  4. ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)
  5. 言う 【い・う】 (u-verb) - to say
  6. これ - this
  7. 食べる 【た・べる】 (ru-verb) - to eat
  8. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
  9. 掃除 【そう・じ】 - cleaning
  10. 手伝う 【て・つだ・う】 (u-verb) - to help, to assist
  11. くれる (ru-verb) - to give
  12. そう - (things are) that way
  13. どこ - where
  14. もう - already
  15. 寝る 【ね・る】 (ru-verb) - to sleep
  16. 家 【1) うち; 2) いえ】 - 1) one's own home; 2) house
  17. 帰る 【かえ・る】 (u-verb) - to go home

The casual equivalent of 「でしょう」 is surprisingly enough 「でしょう」. However, when you are speaking in a polite manner, the 「でしょう」 is enunciated flatly while in casual speech, it has a rising intonation and can be shortened to 「でしょ」. In addition, since people tend to be more assertive in casual situations, the casual version has a much stronger flavor often sounding more like, "See, I told you so!"

Example 1

A:あっ!遅刻しちゃう
A: Ah! We're going to be late!

B:だから、時間ないって言ったでしょう
B: That's why I told you there was no time!

Example 2

A:これから食べ行くでしょ
A: You're going to eat from now aren't you?

B:だったら?
B: So what if I am?

Example 3

A:掃除手伝ってくれるでしょう
A: You're going to help me clean, right?

B:え?そうなの?
B: Huh? Is that so?

「だろう」 means essentially the same thing as 「でしょう」 except that it sounds more masculine and is used mostly by males.

Example 4

A:アリスはどこだ?
A: Where is Alice?

B:もう寝ているだろう
B: Probably sleeping already.

Example 5

A:もう帰るだろう
A: You're going home already, right?

B:そうよ。
B: That's right.

でしょう?

でしょう?


かもしれない kanji

かもしれない kanji

I am living in Japan and I love this site! I have learned so much. I just have one comment: One of my coworkers (who is Japanese) was looking over my notes and she said かもしれない is never written in kanji. My Japanese is not perfect at all, but I think she said the meaning is different than the 知る kanji... But other than that, great site, thanks for explaining everything!


Keep in mind that just

Keep in mind that just because she's Japanese doesn't make her an expert in it. Likewise, will you assume you can trust anyone in American with English grammar who isn't an English linguist or major? Even English professors get their grammar wrong.

Also, no, my Japanese professor who is Japanese with a Ph.D. in Japanese writes it with the kanji. It Does say in the dictionary that it's usually written with kana. But there are a ton of words like that, and it's not a rule, it just means that it's also commonly written without kanji. Keep in mind there's kanji for the vast majority of kana phrases, like chotto, yappari, etc (yes, there's a way to write them in kanji). There are also a number of particles with kanji that are no longer used. There are always those who prefer kanji, and those who prefer kana, and I'd say there's a pretty good balance in Modern Japanese.

On a related note, my English professor marked me down a couple times in my essays and "corrected" it, making it wrong. You can believe I was really pissed. I'm not saying I don't make mistakes, but correcting something WRONG? I mean, seriously, after studying linguistics and five foreign languages, broken grammar tends to stick out like a sore thumb for me.


http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearc

http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=%E3%81%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%E...

Google also says your coworker is wrong.
Results 1 - 10 of about 31,400,000 for "かも知れない"


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